Coronary Surgery

Geriatric cardiac surgery: chronology vs. biology

by

Seco M, Edelman JJ, Forrest P, Ng M, Wilson MK, Fraser J, Bannon PG, Vallely MP

Heart Lung Circ 2014 Sep;23(9):794-801

PMID: 24851829

Abstract

Cardiac surgery is increasingly performed in elderly patients, and whilst the incidence of common risk factors associated with poorer outcome increases with age, recent studies suggest that outcomes in this population may be better than is widely appreciated. As such, in this review we have examined the current evidence for common cardiac surgical procedures in patients aged over 70 years. Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in the elderly has similar early safety to percutaneous intervention, though repeat revascularisation is lower. Totally avoiding instrumentation of the ascending aorta with off-pump techniques may also reduce the incidence of neurological injury. Aortic valve replacement (AVR) significantly improves quality of life and provides excellent short- and long-term outcomes. Combined AVR and CABG carries higher risk but late survival is still excellent. Mini-sternotomy AVR in the elderly can provide comparable survival to full-sternotomy AVR. More accurate risk stratification systems are needed to appropriately select patients for transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Mitral valve repair is superior to replacement in the elderly, although choosing the most effective method is important for achieving maximal quality of life. Minimally-invasive mitral valve surgery in the elderly has similar postoperative outcomes to sternotomy-based surgery, but reduces hospital length of stay and return to activity. In operative candidates, surgical repair is superior to percutaneous repair. Current evidence indicates that advanced age alone is not a predictor of mortality or morbidity in cardiac surgery. Thus surgery should not be overlooked or denied to the elderly solely on the basis of their “chronological age”, without considering the patient’s true “biological age”.

A meta-analysis of endoscopic versus conventional open radial artery harvesting for coronary artery bypass graft surgery

by

Cao C, Tian DH, Ang SC, Peeceeyen S, Allan J, Fu B, Yan TD

Innovations (Phila) 2014 Jul-Aug;9(4):269-75

PMID: 25084252

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: The radial artery has been demonstrated to provide superior long-term patency outcomes compared with saphenous veins for selected patients who undergo coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Recently, endoscopic radial artery harvesting has been popularized to improve cosmetic and perioperative outcomes. However, concerns have been raised regarding the effects on long-term survival and graft patency of this relatively novel technique. The present meta-analysis aimed to assess the safety and the efficacy of endoscopic radial artery harvesting versus the conventional open approach.

METHODS: A systematic review of the current literature was performed on five electronic databases. All comparative studies on endoscopic versus open radial artery harvesting were included for analysis. Primary endpoints included mortality and recurrent myocardial infarction. Secondary endpoints included graft patency, wound infection, hematoma formation, and paresthesia.

RESULTS: Twelve studies involving 3314 patients were included for meta-analysis according to predefined selection criteria. There were no statistically significant differences in overall mortality, recurrent myocardial infarction, or graft patency between the two surgical techniques. However, patients who underwent endoscopic harvesting were found to have significantly lower incidences of wound infection, hematoma formation, and paresthesia.

CONCLUSIONS: Current literature on endoscopic harvesting of the radial artery for coronary artery bypass graft surgery is limited by relatively short follow-up periods as well as differences in patient selection and surgical techniques. In addition, there are currently no randomized controlled trials to provide robust clinical data. However, the available evidence suggests that the endoscopic approach is associated with superior perioperative outcomes without clear evidence demonstrating compromised patency or survival outcomes.

Natural history of hypercoagulability in patients undergoing coronary revascularization and effect of preoperative myocardial infarction

by

Edelman JJ, Reddel CJ, Kritharides L, Bannon PG, Fraser JF, Curnow JL, Vallely MP

J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2014 Aug;148(2):536-43

PMID: 24280714

Abstract

OBJECTIVES: The balance between hyper- and hypocoagulable states is critical after coronary artery surgery both with (coronary artery bypass grafting [CABG]) and without (off-pump coronary artery bypass [OPCAB]) cardiopulmonary bypass to prevent thrombotic or bleeding complications. We aimed to quantify novel parameters of coagulation, fibrinolysis, and overall hemostasis ≤6 months after CABG and OPCAB and to determine the influences on these parameters.

METHODS: A total of 63 patients (30 CABG, 33 OPCAB) had blood collected before and at various points ≤6 months after surgery. Fibrin and fibrinolysis time curves were generated by measuring the absorption of 405 nm each minute for 100 minutes after the addition of tissue factor and tissue plasminogen activator to cell-free plasma. The parameters were compared with those from a group of healthy controls.

RESULTS: The patients’ preoperative prothrombotic assay parameters were compared with those from healthy controls. Both CABG and OPCAB patients were hypercoagulable until at least day 10 after surgery, with elevation of fibrin generation (CABG, peak day 3, +28.9%; OPCAB, peak day 1, +16.3% vs preoperative baseline) and impairment of fibrinolysis capacity (CABG, day 1, -58.4%; OPCAB, day 1, -22.6%). Surgical revascularization resulted in resolution of preoperative hypercoagulability by 6 months postoperatively. Patients with preoperative myocardial infarction (MI) had prolonged hypercoagulability after surgery that was most exaggerated after CABG (overall hemostatic potential day 5, no MI, +64.1% vs with MI, +128.9% compared with baseline; P = .013).

CONCLUSIONS: Patients will be vulnerable to thrombotic events for ≤6 weeks after coronary surgery yet will have resolution of hypercoagulability by 6 months. Preoperative factors, such as MI, could require individualized management of thrombosis prophylaxis in the postoperative period.

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